LINER SHIPPING COLLABORATIONS AND A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON RELATED COMPETITION LEGISLATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS         III

ABSTRACT     VII

CONTENTS     IX

ABBREVIATIONS        XIII

LIST OF TABLES         XV

INTRODUCTION          1

CHAPTER ONE

COMPETITION AND COLLABORATIONS IN THE LINER SHIPPING              4

• COMPETITION TYPOLOGIES IN ECONOMICS 5
  • The Classical Theory of Competition 5
    • Invisible Hand 6
    • Comparative Advantage 7
    • The Capitalist Competition 8
  • Neo-Classical Theory of Competition 9
    • Selfishness and Competition 9
    • The Failure of Laissez Faire 11
  • COMPETITION AND COLLABORATION TYPOLOGIES IN STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT 12
    • Competition Typologies in Strategic Management Discipline 12
      • Strategic Planning Period 14
      • Positioning School 18
      • Resource Based View 24
    • Collaboration Strategy Typologies in Strategic Management Discipline 25
      • Strategic Alliances 27

• Merger & Acquisition 29
• Joint Ventures 30

• COMPETITION AND COLLABORATIONS IN THE LINER SHIPPING INDUSRTY 32
  • General Characteristics of Shipping Industry 32
  • Liner Shipping Industry Structure 35
    • Cargoes in Liner Shipping 36
    • Liner Ships and Main Routes 37
  • Collaboration Strategies of Liner Shipping 41
    • Conference System 41
    • Strategic Alliances 43
    • Mergers and Acquisitions 52
    • Joint Ventures 56

CHAPTER TWO

COMPETITION REGULATIONS GOVERNINS COLLABORATIONS  58

• CARTEL REGULATIONS 59
  • United States Legislation 63
    • Sherman Act, 1890 64
    • Clayton Act, 1914 71
    • Robinson-Patman Act, 1936 72
  • European Union Legislation 74
• ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION 89
  • The United States Legislation 89
    • Relevant Market 90
    • Conduct-Abuse 93
  • European Union Legislation 96
    • Relevant Market 97
    • Abuse-Conduct 104
  • HORIZONTAL MERGERS 112
    • The United States Legislation 113
    • European Union Legislation 122
  • HORIZONTAL COLLABORATION GUIDELINES 135

CHAPTER THREE

THE PLACE OF LINER SHIPPING COLLABORATIONS IN THE COMPETITION REGULATIONS     138

• THE UNITED STATES REGULATIONS 140
  • The Shipping Act Of 1916 142
  • The Shipping Act Of 1984 146
  • Ocean Shipping Reform Act 1998 150
• EUROPEAN UNION REGULATIONS 154
  • Regulation 954/79 156

3.2.2. Regulation 4056/86     158

3.2.3. Regulation 1419/2006 162

3.2.4. 2008 Maritime Guidelines          163

3.2.5. Regulation 906/2009   165

• COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE US AND EU REGULATIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF PRIMARY JUDGMENTS OF

LINER SHIPPING AND A GUIDE FOR TURKEY  167

• Primary Judgments 168
  • The Hamburg Line Case 168
  • The Isbrandtsen Case 169
  • Trans-Atlantic Conference Case 172
  • The Cewal Case 174
  • The Çanakkale Strait Cases 176
• A Guide For Turkey 179

CONCLUSION                187

REFERENCES               197